Nystagmus can manifest in various patterns, and the specific pattern of eye movement helps clinicians identify the underlying cause and diagnose the type of nystagmus. Here are some common types of nystagmus patterns:

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• Pendular Nystagmus: In this type, the eye movements are rhythmic and equal in speed in both directions. Pendular nystagmus often occurs as a result of visual impairment early in life or as a congenital condition. It can also be seen in certain neurological disorders.

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• Jerk Nystagmus: Jerk nystagmus is characterized by a slow, drifting movement of the eyes in one direction (the "slow phase") followed by a rapid corrective movement in the opposite direction (the "fast phase"). It's the most common type of nystagmus and can be further categorized based on the direction of the fast phase:

  • Horizontal Jerk Nystagmus: The fast phase is horizontal, either to the right or left.

  • Vertical Jerk Nystagmus: The fast phase is vertical, either upward or downward.

  • Torsional Jerk Nystagmus: The fast phase involves a rotational or twisting movement of the eyes.

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• Latent Nystagmus: This type of nystagmus is typically seen in individuals with strabismus (misalignment of the eyes). It occurs when one eye is covered, and the uncovered eye exhibits nystagmus as it tries to fixate on a target.

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• Manifest Nystagmus: Manifest nystagmus occurs when both eyes exhibit nystagmus, whether the eyes are open or closed. It can be present at all times and is often associated with neurological conditions or certain medications.

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• Gaze-Evoked Nystagmus: This type of nystagmus occurs when the eyes move to the extreme positions of gaze, such as looking to the far left or right. Gaze-evoked nystagmus can be a sign of neurological disorders or vestibular (inner ear) problems.

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• Congenital Nystagmus: Congenital nystagmus is present from birth and typically persists throughout life. It often follows a pendular pattern and is usually horizontal. The exact cause of congenital nystagmus can vary, but it is often related to abnormal development of the visual pathways in the brain.

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• Acquired Nystagmus: Acquired nystagmus develops later in life and is often associated with underlying medical conditions, such as neurological disorders, vestibular dysfunction, drug toxicity, or head injuries. The specific pattern and characteristics of acquired nystagmus can vary depending on the underlying cause.

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• Spasmus Nutans: This rare form of nystagmus occurs in infants and young children. It involves a combination of head nodding, head tilt, and nystagmus. Spasmus nutans typically resolves on its own as the child grows older.

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The type of nystagmus and its associated pattern provide valuable diagnostic information, helping healthcare professionals determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment or management strategies. It's essential to consult with a medical or eye care professional if you or someone you know is experiencing nystagmus or any abnormal eye movements for a comprehensive evaluation and diagnosis.